Pakistan

PAKISTAN

Now today we are moving forward with new country Pakistan , which is a neighbouring country of India and these both countries are situated in South Asia.

 Pakistan officially the Islamic republic of Pakistan is a country in South Asia. It is the sixth most populous country with a population exceeding 212,742,631 people. In area, it is the 33rd largest country, spanning 881,913 square Kilometres (340,509 square miles). Pakistan has a 1,046-Kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China in the far northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.

Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Indian subcontinent's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent homeland for Indian Muslims. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. An ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.The Pakistani economy is the 24th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and the 41st largest in terms of nominal GDP.  

Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterized by periods of military rule, political instability and conflict's with India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including overpopulation, terrorism, povery, illiteracy, and corruption. Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Common wealth of Nations, the Econimic Cooperaton Organisation, the Shanghai cooperation organistion, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and the G20 Developing Nations, Group of 24, Group of 77, and ECOSOC.

After Independence in 1947 , Democracy was stalled by the martial law that had been enforced by President Iskander Mirza, who was replaced by army chief, General Ayub Khan. After adopting a presidential system in 1962, the country experienced exceptional growth until a second war with India in 1965 that led to an economic downturn and wide-scale Public disapproval in 1967. Consolidating control from Ayub Khan in 1969, President Yahyah Khan had to deal with a devastating cyclone that caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan. In 1970 Pakistan held its first democratic election since independence, meant to mark a transition from military rule to democracy, but after the East Pakistani Awami league won against the Pakistan Pupils Party (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military establishment refused to hand over power.Operation Searchlight, a military crackdown on the Bengali nationalist movement, led to a declaration of independence and the waging of a war of

liberation by the Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan. However, in West Pakistan the conflict was described as a civil war as opposed to a war of liberation. Again Democracy ended with a military coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General Zia Ul Haq become the president in 1978. From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's Coorporatisation and economic Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.^[151] While building up the country's nuclear program, increasing Islamisation,^[152] and the rise of a homegrown conservative philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidize and distribute US resources to factions of the mujahideens against the USSRs intervention in communist Afghanistan. Pakistan's North West Frontier became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential Deobandi ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.

Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia.Geologically, Pakistan is located in the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone and overlaps the Indian Tectonic plates in its Sindh and Punjab provinces; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the Eurasian plates, mainly on the Iranian platue. Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are prone to voilent earthquakes. This region has the highest rates of sesmicity and largest earthquakes in the Himalaya region. Ranging from the coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains of the north, Pakistan's landscapes vary from plains to deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.

The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. There are four distinct seasons in Pakistan: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common. The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems. Pakistan has the second-highest rate of deforestation in the world, which, along with hunting and pollution, has had adverse effects on the ecosystem. The government has established a large number of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves to address these issues.